Ĭardiovascular causes may include congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, acute coronary syndrome, pericardial tamponade, valvular heart defect, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, or intracardiac shunting. Respiratory causes may include asthma, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, lung malignancy, pneumothorax, or aspiration. Other systemic illnesses may be culprits as well as a combination of different etiologies. As such, its etiology can be designated as arising from two primary organ systems: the respiratory system and the cardiac system. Etiologyĭyspnea on exertion is a symptom of various diseases rather than a disease itself. If a body has low Hb, hemoglobinopathies, some toxicities affecting Hb (like carbon monoxide toxicity), low cardiac output (congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia) a person will feel dyspneic. 0.003 x pao2 is the amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood in milliliters.Cardiac output is described as the amount of blood pumped by the heart in liter per minute.SaO2 is hemoglobin oxygen saturation expressed as a fraction (like- 98% will be 0.98).1.39- oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin per gram.Hb is the concentration of hemoglobin in grams per liter.Oxygen Delivery: Hb x 1.39 x SaO2 x Cardiac Output + 0.003 x Pao2 The sensation of dyspnea mostly comes when our body is lacking oxygen delivery. Oxygen is vital to the human body as it is used for oxidative phosphorylation, and it is the last acceptor of an electron in the electron transport chain. However, this shortness of breath is present with exercise and improves with rest. Exercise is defined here as any physical exertion, which increases metabolic oxygen demand above the body's ability to compensate. Dyspnea on exertion is a similar sensation. It may be the primary manifestation of respiratory, cardiac, neuromuscular, psychogenic, or systemic illnesses, or a combination of these. It is a prevalent symptom impacting millions of people. Sensations and intensity can vary and are subjective.
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